Relative Effects of Heavy Metals on Fish Species in Head Islam and Head Punjnand, Southern Punjab

Waqas Ameen; Rehmat Khan; Muhammad Aftab Uz Zaman

Relative Effects of Heavy Metals on Fish Species in Head Islam and Head Punjnand, Southern Punjab

Authors

Waqas Ameen MS Scholar, Department of Zoology The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6063-7400
Rehmat Khan MS Scholar, Department of Zoology The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Muhammad Aftab Uz Zaman MS Scholar, Department of Zoology The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1199-5322

Keywords:

Freshwater fishes, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, Heavy metals, Relative effects

Abstract

Heavy metals are metallic substances which are not biodegradable, including toxic heavy metals (lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) etc.), toxic metals (nickel (Ni) and cobalt (CO) etc.) and essential metals (zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) etc.). The current study aims to examine the toxicity of metals in fish from two major natural resources of southern Punjab. Three species of fish Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio were selected to examine cadmium, Zinc, Manganes, lead, Copper, and iron. Elevated levels of all heavy metals were observed than the permitted levels established by international groups. In the muscles of fish from Head Islam, the highest concentrations were observed for Copper (130.5 ± 0.21μg/g) and Zinc (613.2 ± 0.43μg/g) in Labeo rohita, while the lowest concentrations were found for Lead (0.05 ± 0.006 μg/g) in Cirrhinus mrigala. Moreover, the concentrations of copper and zinc in fish muscle tissues were significantly higher in Labeo rohita, while manganese showed the highest concentration in Cirrhinus mrigala. Cadmium and lead concentrations were comparatively low in all three fish species. Prolonged consumption of these fishes having heavy metals prove toxic to human health. This study underscores the importance of the ongoing monitoring and management of heavy-metal pollution to ensure sustainable aquatic ecosystem development and public health protection.

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Relative Effects of Heavy Metals on Fish Species in Head Islam and Head Punjnand, Southern Punjab