Observations on the Reproductive Structures in Schizodactylus (Schizodactylidae: Orthoptera)

Abstract

The genus Schizodactylus exhibits highly peculiar characteristics in its social, reproductive, and burrowing behaviors, consistently attracting the attention of entomologists. This study presents detailed morphology of the reproductive structures in Schizodactylus (Orthoptera: Schizodactylidae) with a focus on both male and female reproductive systems. The male reproductive systems contain several specialized structures, such as paired ring-like gonads (testes), malleable vas deferens, epididymis, accessory gland tubules, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct. Each part is well adapted for the production, maturation, storage, and transfer of sperm. Schizodactylus monstrosus studied an extensive network of accessory gland tubules, and this species' accessory gland significantly contributes to increased reproductive performance. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries with 26–30 ovarioles, paired oviducts, a median genital chamber, and a spermatheca. An ovariole is formed of a terminal filament, a middle egg tube, and a basal pedicle, giving the ovariole a compact, foam-like structure. Progressive oocyte layering of the egg chambers is characteristic, and a muscular calyx at the ovariole base helps move eggs into position for transfer. These structures exhibit complex adaptations in Schizodactylus that enhance its reproductive success. We believe that the present study contributes to a deeper understanding of this ecologically significant and taxonomically distinct orthopteran genus.