Optimizing Vernalization and Photoperiod for Enhanced Growth and Flowering in Pansy (Viola Tricolor L.)

Sanam  Mallah; Tanveer Fatima Miano; Siraj Uddin  Majeedano; Memoona Islam  Majeedano; Muzafaruddin Chachar

Optimizing Vernalization and Photoperiod for Enhanced Growth and Flowering in Pansy (Viola Tricolor L.)

Authors

Sanam Mallah Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
Tanveer Fatima Miano Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
Siraj Uddin Majeedano Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
Memoona Islam Majeedano Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
Muzafaruddin Chachar Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2123-2110

Keywords:

Pansy, Vernalization, Tree shade, Flowering, Photoperiod

Abstract

An experiment was conducted during the year November 2022 to March 2023 to investigate the vernalization duration and photoperiod effect on the growth and flowering response of pansies (Viola tricolor L.). The research was done at Horticulture Garden, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The experimental design was two factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) replicated thrice. The bulbs of pansy were kept in different vernalization durations as 02 days at 10oC,04 days at 10oC, 06 days at 10oC and untreated bulbs were treated as control. Vernalization-treated bulbs were planted in earthen pots and kept in tree shade and full sun. Data were observed for days to sprouting, height of the plant in cm, plant spread (cm2), number of leaves-plant-1, days to flower -persistence, number of flowers plant-1, weight of single flower (g), flower diameter (cm) and days to flowering initiation. The growth and flowering characteristics of pansies were significantly affected by vernalization treatments and growing conditions. The result revealed that the vernalization duration 02 days at 10oC significantly affected plant height (6.27 cm), plant spread (9.67 cm2), leaves per plant (18.00), days to flower-persistence (4.75) and flower diameter (5.97 cm). Earlier flower initiation (117.00) was found at vernalization duration 02 days at 10 ºC. While respect to growing conditions Days to sprouting (9.37) was earlier when bulbs were kept in tree shade and tree shade had superior results for plant height (6.48 cm), plant spread (9.6 cm2), leaves per plant (17.33), days to flower-persistence (7.99), number of flowers plant-1 (13.66) and flower diameter (5.17 cm). It is concluded that pansy bulbs had better results for growth and flowering characteristics at vernalization duration 02 days at 10oC. Whereas “tree shade” responded a significantly better growth and the parameters for flowering as compared to “full sun”.

References

Yockteng, R.; Ballard, H.E.; Mansion, G.; Dajoz, I.; Nadot, S. Relationships among Pansies (Viola Section Melanium) Investigated Using ITS and ISSR Markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution2003, 241, doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7.

Diderot, D. Viola, Pansy. Encyclopedia of Diderot & d’Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project2013.

Kuta, E.; Bohdanowicz, J.; Malobedzki, A.; Slomka, A. Floral and Pollen Characters a Useful Tools in Viola Taxonomy. ActaBiologicaCracoviensia. Series Botanica. Supplement2012, 54.

Chia, P.L.; Kubota, C. End-of-Day Far-Red Light Quality and Dose Requirements for Tomato Rootstock Hypocotyl Elongation. HortScience2010, 45, doi:10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1501.

Ha, T.M.; Krisantini, S.; Johnston, M.E. The Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature on Flowering of PycnosorusThompsonianus. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences2013, 1.

Sung, S.; He, Y.; Eshoo, T.W.; Tamada, Y.; Johnson, L.; Nakahigashi, K.; Goto, K.; Jacobsen, S.E.; Amasino, R.M. Epigenetic Maintenance of the Vernalized State in Arabidopsis Thaliana Requires LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1. Nat Genet2006, 38, doi:10.1038/ng1795.

Michaels, S.D.; He, Y.; Scortecci, K.C.; Amasino, R.M. Attenuation of FLOWERING LOCUS C Activity as a Mechanism for the Evolution of Summer-Annual Flowering Behavior in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl AcadSci U S A2003, 100, doi:10.1073/pnas.1531467100.

Amasino, R. Vernalization, Competence, and the Epigenetic Memory of Winter. Plant Cell 2004, 16.

Dai, Y.; Shen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Hannaway, D.; Lu, H. Effects of Shade Treatments on the Photosynthetic Capacity, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Chlorophyll Content of TetrastigmaHemsleyanum Diels et Gilg. Environ Exp Bot2009, 65, doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.008.

Runkle, E.; Heins, R. Florel on Summer Production of Pansy. Gnp36-382004.

Cai, Z.Q. Shade Delayed Flowering and Decreased Photosynthesis, Growth and Yield of Sacha Inchi (PlukenetiaVolubilis) Plants. Ind Crops Prod2011, 34, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.021.

Song, R.; Kelman, D.; Johns, K.L.; Wright, A.D. Correlation between Leaf Age, Shade Levels, and Characteristic Beneficial Natural Constituents of Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Grown in Hawaii. Food Chem2012, 133, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.078.

Fan, X.X.; Xu, Z.G.; Liu, X.Y.; Tang, C.M.; Wang, L.W.; Han, X. Lin Effects of Light Intensity on the Growth and Leaf Development of Young Tomato Plants Grown under a Combination of Red and Blue Light. SciHortic2013, 153, doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.017.

Yang, Z.Q.; Li, Y.X.; Zhang, J.B.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, J.; Gu, L.X.; Zhang, B. Effects of the Red: Far-Red Light Ratio on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Greenhouse Cut Chrysanthemum - Short Communication. Horticultural Science2013, 40, doi:10.17221/43/2012-hortsci.

Johkan, M.; Shoji, K.; Goto, F.; Hahida, S.; Yoshihara, T. Effect of Green Light Wavelength and Intensity on Photomorphogenesis and Photosynthesis in Lactuca Sativa. Environ Exp Bot2012, 75, doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.08.010.

Statistics Analytical Software. Statistix 8.1 User’s Manual. Analytical Software, Tallahassee, Florida. Available online: https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=3080b3f6-9180-4370-ac57-a9d62ed2b117 (accessed on 25 May 2024).

Kim, D.-H.; Doyle, M.R.; Sung, S.; Amasino, R.M. Vernalization: Winter and the Timing of Flowering in Plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol2009, 25, 277–299, doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113411.

Ha, T.M. A Review of Plants ’ Flowering Physiology : The Control of Floral Induction by Juvenility, Temperature and Photoperiod in Annual and Ornamental Crops. Asian J Agric Food Sci2014, 02.

Lopez, R.G.; Runkle, E.S.; Heins, R.D. Flowering of the Orchid MiltoniopsisAugresTrinity’is Influenced by Photoperiod and Temperature. ActaHortic2005, 683, 175.

Lopez, R.G.; Runkle, E.S. Effect of Temperature and Pseudobulb Maturity on Flowering of the Orchid MiltoniopsisAugres “Trinity.” In Proceedings of the Acta Horticulturae; 2008; Vol. 766.

Kim, H.H.; Goins, G.D.; Wheeler, R.M.; Sager, J.C. Green-Light Supplementation for Enhanced Lettuce Growth under Red-and Blue-Light-Emitting Diodes. HortScience2004, 39, doi:10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1617.

Jung, E.S.; Lee, S.; Lim, S.H.; Ha, S.H.; Liu, K.H.; Lee, C.H. Metabolite Profiling of the Short-Term Responses of Rice Leaves (Oryza Sativa Cv. Ilmi) Cultivated under Different LED Lights and Its Correlations with Antioxidant Activities. Plant Science2013, 210, doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.004.

Jose Chen, L. Influence of Light on Crop Growth | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing Available online: https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/influence-of-light-on-crop-growth/ (accessed on 25 May 2024).

Optimizing Vernalization and Photoperiod for Enhanced Growth and Flowering in Pansy (Viola Tricolor L.)