International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Cutting-Edge Research (HEC Recognised)

The morphological and taxonomic identity of Aphaenogaster Beesoni Donisthorpe

2024-12-07T05:18:07+00:00

This study focuses on the morphology and taxonomy of a Stenammini species, Aphaenogaster beesoni Donisthorpe, 1933, of the Myrmicinae subfamily. Ant specimens were collected using pitfall traps, baiting, and leaf litter sifting in diverse habitats including forests, deserts and agricultural fields, from provinces of Pakistan. Samples were collected and preserved in ethanol, and identified by different taxonomic keys. The worker ants are less than 5 mm in length and are light brown colored with a two-toned body. Petiolar nodes were specialized; morphological analysis showed 12-segmented antenna with a club segment for four, complex elongated mesosoma and morphological features were shown. The study also looks at ecological adaptations and divergence among the species, through A. beesoni. The results provide important insight into the taxonomic diversity and functional role of the genus, including that of mutualistic seed dispersal. The regional biodiversity studies of Aphaenogaster are ideally suited to build on this foundation in the future.

Amorphocephala Excantator Damoiseau 1964

2024-12-16T18:09:48+00:00

This study documents the first recorded instance of an Amorphocephala excantator in Pakistan. The paper provides an illustrated description of the species habitus and discusses its distribution within the region. Previously unreported in Pakistan, this discovery marks the country's second known species of the Brentidae family, specifically from the village of Noor Muhammad Dahar in District Ghotki, Sindh Province. The habitat is noted to overlap with the Punjab region, suggesting potential for additional species within this transitional zone. This research contributes to the growing catalogue of weevil species in Pakistan and enhances understanding of Brentidae distribution in South Asia. Four species of the genus Amorphocephala extend Middle East to Central Europe and some states of Russia. These are A. coronata (Germar), A. excantator (Demoiseau), A. piochardi (Bedel) and A. sulcata (Calabresi). The association of present species with crops will make status as a pest in future because that area with remote conditions therefore due to this reason no one takes information for such species as well as other insect diversity. The discovery of this species becomes as first in the Oriental region.

Assessing the Antioxidant Potential of Withania Somnifera Leaf Extract via DPPH Assay

2025-01-09T14:02:42+00:00

The rise of antimicrobial resistance has spurred interest in exploring natural sources for new antibiotics and antifungals. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antifungal potential of Withania somnifera extracts against common pathogens. Among various fractions (ethyl acetate, aqueous, hexane, and dichloromethane) obtained from Withania somnifera and tested using the agar well diffusion method, ethyl acetate extract proved to be the most effective one against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli by producing maximum zone of inhibition (10.5±1mm, 7.3±0.2mm, respectively). Similarly, strong antifungal activity was demonstrated against A. fumigatus, particularly by the ethyl acetate fraction (12.3±0.5mm). While these fractions showed promising activity, standard antibiotics generally displayed greater inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like tannins, phenols, saponins, and flavonoids, which likely contribute to the observed antimicrobial and antifungal effects. Anti-oxidant DPPH assay showed that the values of DDPH inhibition of Withiana somnifera samples collected from forest site samples were higher (81.63±0.56) than those of roadside collected samples (54.25±3.44). Additionally, environmental factors influenced the phytochemical composition of Withania somnifera extracts, with roadside plants exhibiting higher levels of phenolics and flavonoids (100.10±0.90 and 92.88±1.12, respectively) due to vehicular pollution exposure. These findings underscore the potential of Withania somnifera as a source of natural antimicrobial agents and highlight the importance of cultivation practices for preserving medicinal properties.

Evaluation of Chemical Makeup and Microbiological Parameters of Raw Milk in Hyderabad, Pakistan

2024-12-15T09:13:23+00:00

Milk is an essential nutritional source, critical for health across all age groups, yet its quality and safety remain a concern in many developing regions. This study evaluates the Chemical makeup and microbiological condition of milk supplied commercially in Hyderabad, Pakistan, where milk serves as a dietary staple. A total of 44 milk samples were collected from various selling points in Hyderabad's three main zones—Qasimabad, Latifabad, and Hyderabad City—and were analysed for key nutritional parameters including acidity, specific gravity, total solids, solids-not-fat, protein, and fat. The mean protein content of the raw milk samples was found to be 3.38% ± 0.63, fat 2.26% ± 0.40, total solids 8.9 ± 1.96, solids-not-fat 6.83 ± 1.63, acidity 0.21 ± 0.04, and specific gravity 1.025 ± 0.00. Statistical analysis indicated that while the mean percentages of protein, total solids, solids-not-fat, acidity, and specific gravity were not statistically different (P > 0.05), the mean fat percentage differed significantly (P < 0.05), with fat and other critical nutrients markedly lower than in pure milk. Microbiological analysis revealed that 45.5% of samples contained contaminants such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp., indicating significant health risks. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stricter quality control and regulatory measures to improve milk standards in Hyderabad, safeguarding public health and ensuring access to nutritionally adequate milk.

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Investigation of Selected Medicinal Plants of District D. I. Khan

2025-01-10T16:52:58+00:00

In terms of health and medicine, plants are vital to human existence. In the past, a wide variety of illnesses were treated with a variety of medicinal plants. For a phytochemical analysis, nine distinct medicinal plants were chosen from the isolated parts of District D.I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. These plants are often utilised locally for a variety of medical uses. Leaf samples from locally collected medicinal plants were gathered and utilized in tests after drying in the shade. The antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from collected plants was evaluated using a DPPH scavenging assay. Enzyme activity inhibitory effects were also assessed, as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus Niger, respectively. Amaranthus retroflexes, Winthania somniferous, Marsupium peregrine, and Pergamum harmala, four of the nine species, have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in terms of their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-diabetic properties. Amaranthus retroflexes had a high potential for treating diabetes, while Winthania somniferous leaf displayed the best DPPH scavenging activity among the plants screened. The best results were obtained with Peganum harmala and Marsupium peregrinum against Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The research showed that the chosen medicinal herbs had potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, as well as anti-diabetic capabilities. Furthermore, it was found that these plants possess antioxidant properties, which may be attributed to the high concentration of phytochemicals present in the samples.

Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Biological Study of Tamarix Aphylla in Tehsil Paroa, District Dera Ismail Khan

2025-01-09T14:10:06+00:00

Tamarix aphylla, a plant species native to Tehsil Paroa in District Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan, has long been embedded in the local culture and traditional medicine practices. This study presents a comprehensive exploration of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and biological attributes of T. aphyla in this region. Extensive field surveys and interviews with local communities revealed a rich tapestry of traditional knowledge. T. aphyla finds diverse applications, including medicinal uses for ailments ranging from digestive disorders to dermatological conditions. The plant also holds cultural significance in rituals and ceremonies. Plant specimens were meticulously collected and subjected to extraction processes. Phytochemical screening unveiled the presence of various secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Advanced analytical techniques further elucidated specific chemical constituents. Biological assays showcased promising activities of T. aphyla extracts, including potent antimicrobial properties against clinically relevant pathogens. These findings underscore the value of Tamarix aphylla in the traditional pharmacopoeia of Tehsil Paroa and warrant further exploration of its potential in modern medicine. This study contributes to the preservation of Indigenous knowledge and offers a foundation for future drug development endeavors.

Soil-Plow Interaction in Paddy Soil

2025-01-16T12:10:32+00:00

Experiments were conducted on simulation of Discrete Element Method (DEM) to assess the performance of a moldboard plow in paddy soil, highlighting the limited understanding of complex three-dimensional forces involved in its interaction with soil during 2022-23. Three velocities 1 (S1), 1.5 (S2), and 2 (S3) m.s-1, along with depths of 5 (D1), 10 (D2), and 15 (D3) cm were used. The Hertz-Mindlin bonding contact model established bonding characteristics among soil particles. The study employed a 3×3 factorial design with three replications for each treatment combination and Two-way ANOVA was performed. Findings revealed the highest force (1828.44 N), denoted as draft force, at S3D3, while the lowest force (88.41 N) was observed at S1D1 for side force. Results indicate that draft forces increase with depth, with greater forces at deeper levels. The impact of speed was lowest at depth D3 and highest at D1 for draft force. A linear relationship between working speeds and depths was consistently observed. The minimum error percentage between simulation and experimental results was 9.444% for S3D3 under draft force. It was concluded that the DEM model can predict cutting forces exerted by a moldboard plow in all directions, including draft, vertical and side forces. Based on these findings, operating the moldboard plow at moderate speeds (1.5 m/s) and depths between 10-15 cm is recommended for optimal performance in paddy soil conditions. Future validation of DEM simulations across varying soil types and moisture contents is recommended for developing comprehensive operational guidelines.

Assessment of Spent-Wash Application on Soil Characteristics and Wheat Growth Dynamics

2025-01-05T10:15:45+00:00

This study evaluated the effectiveness of combining a spent wash with chemical fertilizers. Wheat (TJ-83) was cultivated, and distillery spent wash was applied for irrigation at 0% (100% canal water with chemical fertilizer), 10%, 20%, and 30% dilution. The parameters of soil and spent wash pH, EC, S, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na, COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, pH, EC, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were analyzed. Analysis results indicated the significant effects of a spent wash concentration on soil properties. Maximum soil pH (8.0) and N (0.92%) were recorded at 30% concentration, along with the highest Ca (32.5 mg/kg), EC (0.015S/m, and SAR (0.22). Maximum P (4.36 mg/kg) and K (180 mg/kg) were noted at 20% concentration, with the lowest Na (20 mg/kg) and S (2.72 mg/kg). Mg (60 mg/kg) was highest at 10% concentration. Variance analysis showed significant effects of soil depth post-harvest. Maximum pH (8.0), P (4.36 mg/kg, and Ca (15 mg/kg) were at 12 inches depth, while maximum K (180 mg/kg), Mg (60 mg/kg), Na (45 mg/kg), and S (34.42 mg/kg) were at 6 inches depth. The concentration of spent wash had a significant impact on wheat growth parameters, with the tallest plant height reaching (72 cm), tillers (308), grain weight per spike (1.373 g), and grains per spike (79) at 30% concentration.

Comparative Study of Morphological and Floral Traits in (Rosa Hybrida) cv. “Christian Dior” Cuttings Cultivated on Diverse Growing Media

2025-01-04T13:42:50+00:00

The “Christian Dior” rose cultivar is known for its large elegant, velvety red-colored scented flowers and excellent shelf life. It has been extensively cultivated globally for its aesthetical, medicinal, and commercial uses. However, media selection also plays a key role in the vegetative and reproductive growth of cut-flower production. Under such conditions, research was conducted to examine the performance of diverse media combinations (T1: S+FYM, T2: C.C+FYM, T3: SN+FYM, T4: S+C.C+FYM, T5: SN+C.C+FYM) on phenotypic and floral attributes of “Christian Dior” rose in thermocol boxes. Results showed that treatment T3 (SN+FYM) shows the maximum plant height of 62.885 cm, number of leaves (121), leaf area (17.342cm2), shoot and root length (8.432cm) (35.765cm), while the least plant height of 25.394 cm was recorded in T1 (S+FYM) Whereas, the maximum shelf life of 12 days, flower and bud diameter (6.416cm)(0.792cm), was recorded in T4 and the least shelf life of 8.5 days was observed in T1 (S+FYM). The treatment T5 (SN+C.C+FYM) takes fewer days, 198 to produce its first flower than T1 (S+FYM) of 238 days. Similarly, results showed that T3 performed significantly better, followed by T5 which produces higher quality cut flowers by providing optimum aeration, essential nutrients, and water-holding ability to enhance its growth and development.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) in Enhancing the Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Productivity Under Different Moisture Regimes

2025-01-18T15:01:16+00:00

Prolonged and severe drought spell during growing season of field crops especially under rain fed conditions affects growth and productivity due to impact of ongoing climate change and is likely to enhance day by day directing to worldwide food insecurity. This experiment was planned to alleviate drought effects on chickpea through PGPRs to observe its productivity at different moisture regimes (50%, 70% and 90% of field capacity) in the pots keeping under glass house. Different bacterial strains were isolated from pink colored nodules, rhisospheric and rhizoplane soil of the plant roots of chickpea, those were collected from the field under stressful conditions. Six isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized and identified through 16sRNA sequencing. Then, eight consortia were made from combination of identified six isolates and tested on chickpea plants. The consortia under treatment T3 showed best performance by giving 11.817 nodules plant-1 and grain yield 15.483 g pot-1 at moisture level 1 (50% of FC) followed by T5 which showed 22.837 nodules plant-1 and economic yield 20.607 g pot-1 at moisture level 2 (70% of FC). Similarly, consortia under treatment T2 gave 23.443 plant-1 and 20.283 g pot-1 regarding nodules and grain yield respectively at moisture level 3 (90 % FC). The experimental results indicate the key role of bacterial isolates consortium on chickpea productivity under drought stressful environment. The present study showed that the consortium T3 (Mesorhizobium ciceri SS1+Bacillus mojavensis PMCC-9 + Enterobacter cloacae PMCC-7) appears as resilient soil microbes under stressful conditions (50% of FC). Similarly, T5 (Mesorhizobium ciceri SS5+Bacillus mojavensis PMCC-9 + Enterobacter cloacae PMCC-7) and T2 (Mesorhizobium ciceri SS1+Bacillus mojavensis PMCC-9 + Bacillus subtilis PMCC-4) can be adopted in moderate moisture availability (70% of FC) and in irrigated areas (90% of FC) respectively, for maximum productivion of chickpea.

Relative Effects of Heavy Metals on Fish Species in Head Islam and Head Punjnand, Southern Punjab

2024-11-10T14:38:27+00:00

Heavy metals are metallic substances which are not biodegradable, including toxic heavy metals (lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) etc.), toxic metals (nickel (Ni) and cobalt (CO) etc.) and essential metals (zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) etc.). The current study aims to examine the toxicity of metals in fish from two major natural resources of southern Punjab. Three species of fish Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio were selected to examine cadmium, Zinc, Manganes, lead, Copper, and iron. Elevated levels of all heavy metals were observed than the permitted levels established by international groups. In the muscles of fish from Head Islam, the highest concentrations were observed for Copper (130.5 ± 0.21μg/g) and Zinc (613.2 ± 0.43μg/g) in Labeo rohita, while the lowest concentrations were found for Lead (0.05 ± 0.006 μg/g) in Cirrhinus mrigala. Moreover, the concentrations of copper and zinc in fish muscle tissues were significantly higher in Labeo rohita, while manganese showed the highest concentration in Cirrhinus mrigala. Cadmium and lead concentrations were comparatively low in all three fish species. Prolonged consumption of these fishes having heavy metals prove toxic to human health. This study underscores the importance of the ongoing monitoring and management of heavy-metal pollution to ensure sustainable aquatic ecosystem development and public health protection.